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Astrology has used the concept of classical elements from antiquity up until the present. In Western astrology and Indian astrology four elements are used, namely Fire, Earth, Air and Water.
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In Western tropical astrology, there are always 12 astrological signs; thus, each of the four elements is associated with 3 signs of the Zodiac which are always located exactly 120 degrees away from each other along the ecliptic and said to be in trine with one another. Most modern astrologers use the four classical elements extensively, (also known as triplicities) and indeed it is still viewed as a critical part of interpreting the astrological chart.
Beginning with the first sign Aries which is a Fire sign, the next in line Taurus is Earth, then to Gemini which is Air, and finally to Cancer which is Water. This cycle continues on twice more and ends with the twelfth and final astrological sign, Pisces. The elemental rulerships for the twelve astrological signs of the zodiac (according to Marcus Manilius) are summarised as follows:
In traditional astrology, each triplicity has several planetary rulers, which change with conditions of sect – that is, whether the chart is a day chart or a night chart. Triplicity rulerships are a very important essential dignity – one of the several factors used by traditional astrologers to weigh the strength, effectiveness and integrity of each planet in a chart.
Triplicty rulerships (using the "Dorothean system") are as follows:[1]
| Triplicity | Day Ruler | Night Ruler | Participating Ruler |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fire (Aries, Leo, Sagittarius) | Sun | Jupiter | Saturn |
| Earth (Taurus, Virgo, Capricorn) | Venus | Moon | Mars |
| Air (Gemini, Libra, Aquarius) | Saturn | Mercury | Jupiter |
| Water* (Cancer, Scorpio, Pisces) | Venus* | Mars | Moon |
* (Ptolemy[2] later modified the rulerships of Water triplicity, making Mars the ruler of the water triplicity for both day and night charts--and William Lilly concurred.)[3]
"Participating" rulers were not used after the Hellenistic period. [4]
In ancient astrology, triplicities were more of a seasonal nature, so a season was given the qualities of an element, which means the signs associated with that season would be allocated to that element. The seasonal elements of ancient astrology are as follows:
Using the seasonal qualities accounts for the differences in expression between signs of the same element. All the fire signs are by their very nature hot and dry. However, the addition of the elemental qualities of the seasons results in differences between the fire signs. Leo being the midsummer sign gets a double dose of hot and dry and is the pure fire sign, but Aries being a Spring sign is wetter (hot & dry, hot & wet), and Sagittarius being an Autumnal sign is colder (hot & dry, cold & dry).
In the Southern Hemisphere the seasonal cycle is reversed.[5]
This yields secondary and tertiary elements for each sign.
| Sign | Element | Qualities | Season: North | Season: South |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aries | Fire | Hot & Dry | Hot & Wet (Spring/Air) | Cold & Dry (Autumn/Earth) |
| Taurus | Earth | Cold & Dry | Hot & Wet (Spring/Air) | Cold & Dry (Autumn/Earth) |
| Gemini | Air | Hot & Wet | Hot & Wet (Spring/Air) | Cold & Dry (Autumn/Earth) |
| Cancer | Water | Cold & Wet | Hot & Dry (Summer/Fire) | Cold & Wet (Winter/Water) |
| Leo | Fire | Hot & Dry | Hot & Dry (Summer/Fire) | Cold & Wet (Winter/Water) |
| Virgo | Earth | Cold & Dry | Hot & Dry (Summer/Fire) | Cold & Wet (Winter/Water) |
| Libra | Air | Hot & Wet | Cold & Dry (Autumn/Earth) | Hot & Wet (Spring/Air) |
| Scorpio | Water | Cold & Wet | Cold & Dry (Autumn/Earth) | Hot & Wet (Spring/Air) |
| Sagittarius | Fire | Hot & Dry | Cold & Dry (Autumn/Earth) | Hot & Wet (Spring/Air) |
| Capricorn | Earth | Cold & Dry | Cold & Wet (Winter/Water) | Hot & Dry (Summer/Fire) |
| Aquarius | Air | Hot & Wet | Cold & Wet (Winter/Water) | Hot & Dry (Summer/Fire) |
| Pisces | Water | Cold & Wet | Cold & Wet (Winter/Water) | Hot & Dry (Summer/Fire) |
These associations are not given any great importance in modern astrology, although they are prominent in modern Western neopaganism, druidism and wicca
In modern astrology each of the elements are associated with different astrological signs.
| Element | Signs |
|---|---|
| Fire | Aries, Leo, Sagittarius |
| Earth | Taurus, Virgo, Capricorn |
| Air | Gemini, Libra, Aquarius |
| Water | Cancer, Scorpio, Pisces |
Indian astrology shares the same system as Western astrology of linking zodiac signs to elements. The following table gives the correspondences:
| Number | Sanskrit Name | Western/Greek Name | Tattva (Element) | Quality | Ruling Planet |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Meṣa (मेष) "ram" | Aries (Κριός "ram") | Tejas (Fire) | Cara (Movable) | Mars |
| 2 | Vṛṣabha (वृषभ) "bull" | Taurus (Ταῦρος "bull") | Prithivi (Earth) | Sthira (Fixed) | Venus |
| 3 | Mithuna (मिथुन) "twins" | Gemini (Δίδυμοι "twins") | Vayu (Air) | Dvisvabhava (Dual) | Mercury |
| 4 | Karkaṭa (कर्कट) "crab" | Cancer (Καρκίνος "crab") | Jala (Water) | Cara (Movable) | Moon |
| 5 | Siṃha (सिंह) "lion" | Leo (Λέων "lion") | Tejas (Fire) | Sthira (Fixed) | Sun |
| 6 | Kanyā (कन्या) "girl" | Virgo (Παρθένος "virgin") | Prithivi (Earth) | Dvisvabhava (Dual) | Mercury |
| 7 | Tulā (तुला) "balance" | Libra (Ζυγός "balance") | Vayu (Air) | Cara (Movable) | Venus |
| 8 | Vṛścika (वृश्चिक) "scorpion" | Scorpio (Σκoρπιός "scorpion") | Jala (Water) | Sthira (Fixed) | Mars |
| 9 | Dhanus (धनुष) "bow" | Sagittarius (Τοξότης "archer") | Tejas (Fire) | Dvisvabhava (Dual) | Jupiter |
| 10 | Makara (मकर) "sea-monster" | Capricorn (Αἰγόκερως "goat-horned") | Prithivi (Earth) | Cara (Movable) | Saturn |
| 11 | Kumbha (कुम्भ) "pitcher" | Aquarius (Ὑδροχόος "water-pourer") | Vayu (Air) | Sthira (Fixed) | Saturn |
| 12 | Mīna (मीन) "fish" | Pisces (Ἰχθεῖς "fish") | Jala (Water) | Dvisvabhava (Dual) | Jupiter |
In addition, in Vedic thought each of the five planets are linked to an element (with ether as the fifth). It was said in the Veda that everything emanated from the one basic vibration of "Om" or "Aum." From "Om" the five elemental vibrations emerged representing the five different tattwas (or elements). The five planets represent these five vibrations – Jupiter for Ether, Saturn for Air, Mars for Fire, Mercury for Earth, and Venus for Water.
In many traditional Chinese theory field, matters and its developmental movement stage can be classified into the Wu Xing. They are Tree, Fire, Earth, Metal and Water. Note that the Wu Xing are chiefly an ancient mnemonic device for systems with 5 stages, rather than the notion of different kinds of material. For further information, see Wu Xing.